Myassignment.live is not sponsored or endorsed by this college or university
This particular chapter discusses the relevance or the importance of the global law in the protection of human rights. It discusses briefly about the definition of human rights and elaborates on the significance of those rights and how such can be protected and the measures, which are being taken up by the various countries in the international arena in order to protect such rights. In conclusion, it summarizes the discussions that had been made and the outcomes of such discussion.
International Law is considered to be an important aspect of the law concerning human rights. The government who are a part of the nations are considered to have an authority to control and regulate the freedom of individuals as well as various other social groups. The freedom may be difficult to attain because there would be various international agreements relating to such and it would create a lot of pressure. Numerous amounts of treaties, which have been adopted, have developed into a powerful body, which includes the transnational human rights. The bodies are considered to be supervised and regulated by the essential international institutions, which included the United Nations Human Rights Council, the several UN treaty frameworks, the Council of Europe along with the European Court of Human Rights.
The human rights are inherent in nature. The human beings are born with such rights and therefore, it cannot be taken away or transferred to any other individual. The international law seeks to protect these rights and in doing so they have introduced several treaties in order to make the countries aware of such rights and provide protection against violation of these rights. International law are considered to be enforceable and binding on those countries who have ratified to it and tried to comply with the rules and regulations which had been enforced for such through various treaties. For instance, if the UK government signed or agreed to be bound by a treaty and the Parliament had complied with it then it would be understood that the country had made a formal commitment and due to such formal commitment would act accordingly and do whatever the treaty entails. These various international dimensions formulates part of the Equality and the Human Rights Commission, which helps them in remitting strong culture for human rights.
The UN or the United Nations is considered to be an organization which was created or constituted in order to promote the global cooperation which would help in the protection of those rights for the individuals. The implementation of the regulations in the international arena are considered to be through treaties, declarations, and various other instruments. These principles would be approved and adopted on an international level, which would be contributing to the understanding, as such and would be used in order to protect such rights. The enforcement of the international human rights would ensue or transpire either at a municipal level or at the global level. The states, which had ratified and complied with the regulations or the principles for the preservation and security of the human rights, would ensure or safeguard the policies and regulations laid down in the treaties and try to reverence and fulfill those rights with the purpose of guaranteeing compatibility of the domestic law which would abide by the international proposals. There is an opportunity of protecting the human rights of the individuals if the domestic law fails to comply with the regulations and provide for a remedy for the various violations or abuses related to human rights. Therefore, the injured parties would have the possibility of approaching the international forum for such violation in order to seek remedy for the abuses. The intercontinental human rights regulations are considered to be related to the humanitarian law. These laws and regulations are considered to be complimentary as the applicable law or the substantive law and values often remains the same. However, the law related to international human rights are considered to be applicable at all times which includes during the time of emergency and the conflict. The legal administration of the intercontinental hand universal humanitarian law is considered to be different as it applies to the various armed conflicts which furthermore includes and involves occupation during the time when both the legal administration applies in tandem.
There has remained various progress in the modern law concerning human rights after it had been established or drafted in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). It had been drafted as the common standard for the achievement which would be for all the individuals and the nations. The emphasis is considered to be on the civil, political rights along with the economic, social and cultural rights that all individuals are entitled to. Such has considered to be accepted as fundamental norms for the rights which individuals have and which should be respected and protected.
The law which are related to or in connection with the human rights prescribes various obligations that are to be abided by and complied with by all the states with respect. Through the sanction of the treaties, which are related to human rights there, are certain methods and procedures executed by the governments, which tries to put into place the domestic measures, and the regulations, which are compatible, or at par with the obligations or the principles laid down in the treaties. By being included in the treaties, the states assume the various regulations and their responsibilities in ensuring protection for the fulfillment of the regulations in connection to the human rights. The obligations laid down by the treaties in relation to giving respect means that the states have to refrain from activities, and not interfere with the rights, which would impose restrictions on the enjoyment of the human rights. The duty or the liability of the nation or the territory is to preserve the individuals of the state from any kind of abuses, which are related to or in connection with the human rights. There lies a duty of the state which is to ensure and safeguard by implementing positive strategies or initiatives to enable and simplify the gratification of basic human rights.
The United Nations have implemented new techniques or strategies, which would help in monitoring the states who had complied with the terms and conditions of the treaties regarding human rights and therefore to ensure that such is being implemented and ratified there are several bodies created to supervise under the treaties in connection to the international human rights law. These organs or the bodies obtain the secretariat sustenance from that of the Office of the High Commissioner for the Human Rights. Such instruments are also present for the international humanitarian law.
The international law is considered to lay down the groundwork for the responsibilities and such are to be respected and adhered to by the states or the territories. These obligations are to be maintained by those parties who are bound by the international treaties. The basic rights, which all human beings are entitled to, are considered to be known as Human Rights. In the worldwide and the global arena it has become one of the most significant and important law of its own kind as all the contracts or the agreements which are made needs to implement such clause which would look after and the protect the human rights. Even if it is not legally binding in itself, it forms the basic structure for many of the legally binding agreements, which are made in the international arena. These agreements include or consist of two main international agreements where one is considered to be civil and political rights. These comprises of rights pertaining to freedom of speech, freedom from any kind of torture. The other one includes the economic, social and cultural rights which comprises of right to health and the rights pertaining to education. The human rights law gives protection to the individuals from racial discrimination, torture or from any kind of enforced disappearance. In addition to these the human rights also recognizes and gives protection to specific or particular groups which consists of women and children or people who are disabled, indigenous people and various other migrant workers. A few of such treaties are considered to be supplemented by several other procedures which deals with these particular issues that permits the individuals to make certain complaints.
According to the authors Goold, Benjamin and Liora Lazarus, it has been stated that the backbone of the independence and liberty in order to live with pride is considered to be included in the global human rights guidelines which works along with the global humanitarian law along with the international criminal law and the international refugee law. These initial introductory parts are considered to be a normative outline and are observed as complementary bodies of law and such are considered to share a common goal which would be to protect the lives health and the dignity of the individuals. In this, the rule of law plays a pivotal role. The rule of law is considered to act as a vehicle, which would be for the elevation, advancement and the protection, which includes a common normative regulations. These also provide a concept or structure, which would help in exercising the authority and the power in order to help in subjecting the rules, which are complied with; this assists in ensuring a form of protection for all the kinds of human rights. It has been also stated that the rule of law is considered to be similar to the principle of human rights and they are considered to be the two sides of the similar principle which would help in giving the freedom to live with dignity. Therefore, due to such it can be understood that human rights have a relationship, which is considered to be indivisible and intrinsic. Such inherent essential relationship has been identified and discovered by the member states after the adoption and enforcement of the UDHR. The member states try to strengthen the regulations for protection of the human rights and spare no efforts. However, it has also been stated that the rule of law with respect to human rights are considered to involve and entail a legal process which would aid and benefit in providing equality under the law and such would provide accountability which would help in maintain fair and equitable protection for the rights. It has been stated that the rule of law is significant such and rule of law assists protect human rights in turning the various principles into reality.
Therefore, from the above statement it can be understood that human rights are complementary to the rule of law, as such helps regarding the applicability of the principles, which have been established in order to give protection to human beings. Furthermore, it also provides substantive norms, which are considered reliable and dependable with the human rights. In order to have robust application and enactment for the fortification and safety of human rights the rule of law is necessary as it helps in strengthening the regulatory principles and thus provides a strong base or foundation for implementation of those rights.
According to the author it has been stated and discussed that the specificity which is related to the concept of human rights are due to the fact that they belong to the individual according to their respective quality as a human being and such cannot be taken away under any situations or circumstances and therefore these are considered to be inherent and intrinsic to the individuals. The UDHR along with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights try to manifest the fundamental ethical origin and include such in the first paragraphs of their respective preamble. These are recognized and identified as the inherent dignity, which are equal and considered to be inalienable rights that are a part of all human beings who are considered to be members of the human family. The rights are considered to be universal in nature and the individuals are given equal protection before the legal system and the law which tries to govern and regulate the entire field related to international human rights law. It has also been stated that the rights which are inherent have not been originated from an individual being a part of a state or a territory but are considered to be based upon the attributes of the personality of the individuals or the human beings. However, it has been stated that though such rights exist without the individual being part of a state the human rights are considered to be owed by the various states to all the individuals who fall under the jurisdiction of the states or the territories.
Therefore, it can be understood from the above discussion that the rights of the individuals cannot be transferred to anyone, as they are inherent in nature. The specificity of the rights have been incorporated in the preambles of the UDHR and the International Covenants and such helps in providing an expression which are recognized as inherent dignity as the individual becomes a part of the human family. Therefore, it can be understood that human rights cannot be transferred and the individuals cannot be deprived of their rights as such consists of unique nature and the individuals who have been violated by it should be able to seek protection both at the international along with the national levels.
According to the authors Danieli, Yael, Rodley S. Rodley, and Lars Weisaeth, it has been stated that after the devastation which had been caused due to the World Wars the countries were compelled to form and constitute a world organization within the international community which would be for the objective of maintaining global peace and justice and such would occur by promoting and protecting human rights. The lesson that had been learnt by the countries were that if a country denies a fundamental right of an individual in their country then not only the country is at jeopardy but also it disrupts the balance of international peace as well as in some serious situations it endangers the peace and safety of different federations or countries as well. The effective protection of the human rights are considered to promote peace and stability which would not restrict itself only to the national level but also help in providing basic rights and freedom to the individuals by certain democratic, social, economic, cultural and political framework which would help in resolving conflicts which can be resolved in a peaceful manner. However, it has been specified that the effective protection of human rights is considered to be a crucial prerequisite for peace and righteousness at the global level because it helps in ensuring that the inhabitants has ways of reducing social pressure which would be at the national level before such goes out of proportion and create a threat which would be on a wider scale.
It has been laid down in Article 1 of the UN Charter and the first paragraph of the Preamble of the UDHR and the two covenants which shows that the drafters had full knowledge of the significant fact that the foundation for justice and peace, security and development was to have effective protection for human rights at a domestic as well as international level which would be carried out all over the world.
According to the authors Danieli, Yael, Elsa Stamatopoulou, and Clarence Dias., it has been discussed that in order to provide with effective utilization of human rights the rights must be protected by the domestic legal systems. Therefore, it can be understood that the principle involving rule of law is crucial to such as it helps in protection of these rights. If the rule of law exists then the protection is provided for those rights and if the rule of law fails to exist then the respect for those rights are considered to become illusory. However, it has also been stated that in spite of the rule of law the judges, lawyers and other individuals who are involved with the legal profession have a vital role to play in the effective protection of human rights as they need to be aware of the rights and be familiarized with the rights at the national level as well as the international level. It has additionally been stated that the accessibility of the individuals in the legal professions would be easier at the domestic level but they become more complex at the international level since there are availability of various legal sources and a case law rich in many respects. The international sources consists of the international conventions, the international customs which forms a part as the general accepted law, the general principles of law which have been accepted by several nations widely, the several judicial decisions and the various teachings which are considered to be subsidiary means for determination of the rule of law system. The primary sources of international law includes:
In the field of human rights the most significant and crucial tool for the judges or the legal professionals are to consult the various treaty obligations of their states apart from the existing municipal laws of the state. A treaty is considered to be a legally binding agreement which are written and such are concluded between the various states. These can have different names such as conventions, covenant, pact or protocol but the effects it has are the same. A treaty is to be adopted by a state through ratification, or acceptance or through approval, accession, and the abidingness of such is considered to be expressed through a signature. Therefore, once a signature has been given by the state such state is bound to restrict itself from activities that would defeat the purpose or objectives of the treaty until the moment the state has expressed clearly the intention of not to become a party to such treaty. The treaties once approved of and sanctioned by the nations are bound to be performed in good faith (pacta sunt servanda). Such states that the nations cannot avoid their duties or responsibilities under the international law by entreating and beseeching the provisions of their internal domestic laws to provide justification of their failure to comply with their international obligations. The international responsibility is considered to be strict and the states are considered to be liable for any violations of the obligations contained in the treaty even if they were not intentional. The examples for such would be the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on the other hand the International Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
The judges through international customs have the opportunity of going through various sources, which would help them understand the general practice of the law. There are various legal obligations which are considered to be binding upon the states which are considered to be the acts resulting into ‘settled practices’ of the States. A belief which would help in understanding that the practice is considered to be obligatory by the existence of the rule of law which would be necessitating it.
This is considered to be the source of law which is cited by the International Court of Justice and it tries to safeguard and ensure that the treaties and customary law might provide insufficient and inadequate basis for the court to come to a conclusion while arriving at a decision which would result from different sources. The general principle of law is considered to act as a source of international law, which can be found in all the major legal systems. If there has been any existence of any domestic laws that the states are considered to adhere to a specific legal principle that provides protection for human rights then such existence could also be traced back to the international human rights. Therefore, the legal professionals are considered to find whether there are any legally binding principles, which has been considered to be accepted as general principles of the international law.
According to the author, it has been stated that both the laws have been aimed at protecting the individuals against any non-discriminatory practices and try to ensure that all the individuals are treated in an equal way. On the other hand, international humanitarian law is considered to be intended at safeguarding a minimum of security to those victims of the armed conflicts where the individuals have suffered from any sickness or injury from some shipwreck or they are considered to be prisoners of a war. However, it has also been stated that the security and protection would be ensured through outlawing the human suffering which is considered to be excessive and material destruction which would be in the light of military necessity.
Therefore, it can be understood that, international human rights are considered to be applicable during peace or any upheaval or turmoil. It would be applicable at times of armed conflicts even if such were of internal or domestic character or international character. Thus, there would be times when international human rights law as well as the international humanitarian law would be applicable at the same time. These laws or the regulations, which have been made, would be applicable simultaneously at times.
According to the author, it has been stated that the legal obligations, which have been laid down in a treaty involving protection of human rights, are considered to be necessary to ascertain where the state being involved in a treaty has made interpretative declaration regarding the ratification or approval of the regulations mentioned in the treaty. However, it has been stated by the author that in deciding and understanding whether a state has made true reservations rather than making interpretative declarations. As such would be upon their own understanding and comprehension of the interpretation of the provisions, and the policies, which have been mentioned in the treaty. There are committees, which are set up or created to monitor and supervise such in order to have proper implementation of those treaties among the states. These committees try to supervise and monitor the implementation of the International Covenant on the Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural rights on the states who have ratified to the obligations laid down in the treaty. It has also been stated by the committees that if there have been any absence of any kind of prohibition on the reservations of the Covenants or there is an absence of specific or particular article regulating or governing such does not mean that the reservation has been allowed or permitted. It means that such reservations are governed and regulated under the international law. Therefore, it can be understood that the judges and the prosecutors have to consider the relevance of the State’s legal obligations, which would be in light of those reservations, which are considered for the interpretative declarations.
There are definite rights such as the right to freedom of assembly and association , the right to freedom of expression, respect for one’s family life and private or personal life, right to freedom of movement and the correspondence are considered to be generally accompanied by various restrictions which can be obligatory and levied for example, in order to secure or protect the national security or the public health and morals. These limitations or restrictions are considered to be carefully weighed interests. These restrictions are imposed on the basis that there has been a specific balance struck between the different interests where one interest is considered to be the individual’s interest through which the individual enjoys maximized protection on their rights and the other is considered to be the general interests of the society which means that that the interests of the society in general would be considered where the rights are maximized for the society in order to enjoy. These restrictions or limitations are imposed by taking it into accordance with the law which are considered to be a necessity in the self-governing society for certain genuine and authentic purposes. Therefore, in relating these restrictions the proportionality of the restrictive measures are considered to be taken into consideration before applying or implementing it both in the case of individual’s interest and in the case of general interest.
Therefore, it can be understood that, the limitations or the restrictions can be imposed only through lawful consideration of the equilibrium between the individual’s interest and the universal interest and such needs to be made in accordance with the law and it should be imposed for a specific legitimate purpose. The limitation should be necessary and not because such a limitation is considered to be desirable as it does not harm the operations of the self-governing legitimate order.
The treaties where the right to derogate exists is considered to be imperiled to a strict official and practical requirements. These never had any intention to deliver the governmental authorities with infinite powers in order to evade the treaty requirements. Specifically there is a scope of qualified principle of proportionality, which is applied, which states that all the afore-mentioned treaties are considered to implement limitations if any which should be resorted to must be considered to be severely essential by the demands and needs of the condition or the circumstance. Furthermore, it has been stated that the rights involving right to freedom from torture and right to life might not be considered to be derogated from in various situations. It can be understood that, the limitations which can be imposed on the implementation of human rights together at the nationwide or the global level need to have a cognizant mindset to be able to interpret and analyze the obligation by construing them to the individual’s rights in the strict sense and such should not be exhausted of their substance.
According to the monist theory, it can be understood that the international law along with the domestic law would be considered to be a part of one legal system as a whole. Such means that if one state has ratified and approved to the obligations laid down in the treaty then such state has to implement the provisions and the policies laid down in the treaty at the domestic level and therefore, it would be considered to be legally binding at the domestic level.
According to the dualist theory, it can be comprehended that the domestic law and the international law are considered to be different and form a part of different legal systems. The domestic or the municipal law are considered to be the apex law of the land and the if the implementation of the international law needs to be done by the judges then such would be done through a particular adopted or transferred or transposed process which would be done into the domestic or municipal law. It is also understood in this theory that if a state has ratified or approved of the obligations of a treaty then such concerned state then the law cannot be invoked under the principle by the local judges until and unless the treaty to which the ratification was given had been implemented and incorporated into the municipal or domestic law of that particular state. This is considered to be a process for instance, which requires An Act to be implemented by the Parliament.
However, it has been stated that such treaties have faced a lot of criticism as it had not reflected the conduct of the national or domestic and international organs and these theories have been considered to be losing their grounds gradually.
Therefore from the above discussion, it can be understood that the international law has taken up various measures in order to carry out the implementation of the human rights and in doing so have faced a lot of criticism. There have been strict regulations in connection to safety of rights of the individuals who are living in the society. The treaties are created with the aim and purpose of being ratified and once the concerned party ratifies the obligations and the provisions, laid down in the treaty they have to abide by such provisions and implement it in their state or territory as well. Therefore, it can be observed that there have been various initiatives taken in the international arena for the protection of such treaties. The UN has been able to set up and create several committees, which would monitor the functions and activities of the state in order to inspect and evaluate the application of the requirements laid down in the treaties. Thus, to protect and provide security to the individuals various measures have been implemented. There have been various practical examples where the principles of the international law have been implemented and applied in different states. The individuals who have been concerned with the protection of their individual rights have been able to voice against any discrimination faced by them in their state and have been heard internationally. Therefore, these rights are crucial as they cannot be transferred or gifted to some other person. People or the individuals are born with such rights. Therefore, there have been significant relevance in securing the human rights of the people. There have been various criticism as these are considered to have certain drawbacks even in the international arena. There are certain limitations imposed on these rights which gives the government of the state unnecessary power and authority to misuse it. There have been a specific balance which have been preserved between the privileges and the rights of the individuals along with the general benefits of the society. Therefore, if the rights of the individuals come in the way of the general society’s interest then such is considered to create imbalanced effect as every individual is entitled to such rights. Therefore, it can be understood, that the human rights are considered to be inherent in nature and there have been various implementations of the rights internationally and domestic law but there is scope of various improvements by making it easier and fair for the individuals by not giving unnecessary powers to the government in order to misuse it. The international law can update the theories, be involved in the processes of the domestic laws, and try to be at par by implementing major policies. The legal binding nature of the international law needs to be improved and strict regulatory actions should be taken for the violations based on the polices laid down in the treaties.
This paper critically evaluated various measures concerning the implementation for the protection of human rights. It also aimed to understand the various strategies in order to improve the provisions concerning human rights. It aimed to find the gaps and the gaps or the limitations concerning the area of human rights law and tried to interpret such accordingly. The monist theory is concerned that the international law and the municipal law falls under the same category and together they form a legal system. However, in the dualist theory the approach is considered to be different as the international law needs to be implemented and engraved into the domestic system for it to work and such would create a difference. As the abidingness of the provisions in the international forum would not be considered to be, strict and such treaty has to depend and rely on the domestic law of the state and its implementation process which would be through an Act in the legislature. Therefore, in conclusion the relevance and the importance of international law in protection of the human rights have been discussed.
Alexander, Amanda. "A short history of international humanitarian law." European Journal of International Law 26.1 (2015): 109-138.
Art 1 Charter of the United Nations.
Baderin, Mashood A., and Manisuli Ssenyonjo. "Development of International Human Rights Law before and after the UDHR." International Human Rights Law. Routledge, 2016. 19-44.
Bartels, Lorand. "Human rights and sustainable development obligations in EU free trade agreements." Global Governance through Trade. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015.
Bayefsky, Anne F. "The Principle of Equality Ornon-Discrimination in International Law." Equality and Non-Discrimination under International Law. Routledge, 2017. 71-104.
Brown, Gordon. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century. Open Book Publishers, 2016.
Carpanelli, Elena. "General principles of international law: struggling with a slippery concept." General Principles of Law-The Role of the Judiciary. Springer, Cham, 2015. 125-143.
Conte, Alex, and Richard Burchill. Defining civil and political rights: The jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee. Routledge, 2016.
Crawford, Emily, and Alison Pert. International humanitarian law. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Danieli, Yael, Elsa Stamatopoulou, and Clarence Dias. The universal declaration of human rights: Fifty years and beyond. Routledge, 2018.
Danieli, Yael, Rodley S. Rodley, and Lars Weisaeth. International Responses to Traumatic Stress: Humanitarian, Human Rights, Justice, Peace, and Development Contributions, Collaborative Actions, and Future Initiatives. Routledge, 2018.
De Schutter, Olivier. International human rights law. Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Donnelly, Jack, and Daniel Whelan. International human rights. Routledge, 2018.
Farrell, Michelle. "Just How Ill-treated Were You? An Investigation of Cross-fertilisation in the Interpretative Approaches to Torture at the European Court of Human Rights and in International Criminal Law." Nordic Journal of International Law 84.3 (2015): 482-514.
Fernandez, Christian Guillermet, and David Puyana Fernandez. "The adoption of the Declaration on the Right to Peace by the United Nations: a human rights landmark." Peace Human Rights Governance 1.2 (2017).
Gâlea, Ion. "The Role of Domestic Courts in Applying International Law." Special Issue JL & Admin. Sci. (2015): 839.
Goodhart, Michael, ed. Human rights: politics and practice. Oxford university press, 2016.
Goold, Benjamin J., and Liora Lazarus, eds. Security and human rights. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
Habermas, Jürgen. "The concept of human dignity and the realistic utopia of human rights." Human Dignity. Routledge, 2018. 52-70.
Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence. "Humanitarian law, human rights law and the bifurcation of armed conflict." International & Comparative Law Quarterly 64.2 (2015): 293-325.
Jennings, Robert Y. "What is International Law and how do we tell it when we see it?." Sources of International Law. Routledge, 2017. 27-56.
Jones, Phillip W. International policies for Third World education: UNESCO, literacy and development. Routledge, 2018.
Kälin, Walter, and Jörg Künzli. The law of international human rights protection. Oxford University Press, USA, 2019.
Lando, Massimo. "Intimations of Unconstitutionality: The Supremacy of International Law and Judgment 238/2014 of the I talian Constitutional Court." The Modern Law Review 78.6 (2015): 1028-1041.
Lupu, Yonatan. "Legislative veto players and the effects of international human rights agreements." American Journal of Political Science 59.3 (2015): 578-594.
Ma?ák, Kubo. "Military objectives 2.0: The case for interpreting computer data as objects under international humanitarian law." Israel Law Review 48.1 (2015): 55-80.
MacNaughton, Gillian, and Konstantinos Koutsioumpas. "Universal human rights education for the post-2015 development agenda." Globalisation, human rights education and reforms. Springer, Dordrecht, 2017. 15-33.
Matheson, Michael J. "The United States position on the relation of customary international law to the 1977 protocols additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions." The Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law. Routledge, 2017. 233-245.
McCoubrey, Hilaire. International humanitarian law: modern developments in the limitation of warfare. Routledge, 2019.
McDougal, Myres S., Harold D. Lasswell, and Lung-chu Chen. Human rights and world public order: the basic policies of an international law of human dignity. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Melzer, Nils, and Etienne Kuster. "International Humanitarian Law." A Comprehensive Introduction (2016).
Mingst, Karen A., Heather Elko McKibben, and Ivan M. Arreguin-Toft. Essentials of international relations. WW Norton & Company, 2018.
Mowbray, Alastair. "Subsidiarity and the European Convention on Human Rights." Human Rights Law Review 15.2 (2015): 313-341.
Nugraha, Ignatius Yordan. "Human rights derogation during coup situations." The International Journal of Human Rights 22.2 (2018): 194-206.
Poynder, Nick. "‘Mind the Gap’: Seeking Alternative Protection Under the Convention Against Torture and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights." The Refugees Convention 50 Years on: Globalisation and International Law. Routledge, 2018.
Pugh, Michael, Neil Cooper, and Mandy Turner, eds. Whose peace? Critical perspectives on the political economy of peacebuilding. Springer, 2016.
Raz, Joseph. "The rule of law and its virtue." The Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers. Routledge, 2017. 77-94.
Risse-Kappen, Thomas, et al., eds. The power of human rights: International norms and domestic change. Vol. 66. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in international human rights law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015.
Smith, Rhona KM. International human rights law. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Thompson, Bankole. "Relationship Between International Law and Municipal Law: History, Theories, Status, and Related Aspects." Universal Jurisdiction: The Sierra Leone Profile. TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2015. 15-27.
Thoreson, Ryan. "The Limits of Moral Limitations: Reconceptualizing Morals in Human Rights Law." Harv. Int'l LJ 59 (2018): 197.
Tshosa, Onkemetse. National law and international human rights law: Cases of Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Routledge, 2017.
Verdier, Pierre-Hugues, and Mila Versteeg. "International law in national legal systems: an empirical investigation." American Journal of International Law 109.3 (2015): 514-533.
Vincent, Raymond John, Raymond John Vincent Vincent, and R. J. Vincent. Human rights and international relations. Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Von Stein, Jana. "Making promises, keeping promises: democracy, ratification and compliance in international human rights law." British Journal of Political Science 46.3 (2016): 655-679.
Welch, Ryan M. "National Human Rights Institutions: Domestic implementation of international human rights law." Journal of Human Rights 16.1 (2017): 96-116.
Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe, and Philip J. McConnaughay, eds. Human rights, the rule of law, and development in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below:
My Assignment Help. (2022). Accounting Principles II. Retrieved from https://myassignment.live/free-samples/acct2023-accounting-principles-ii/financial-statements-of-the-business-file-A1D39FE.html.
"Accounting Principles II." My Assignment Help, 2022, https://myassignment.live/free-samples/acct2023-accounting-principles-ii/financial-statements-of-the-business-file-A1D39FE.html.
My Assignment Help (2022) Accounting Principles II [Online]. Available from: https://myassignment.live/free-samples/acct2023-accounting-principles-ii/financial-statements-of-the-business-file-A1D39FE.html
[Accessed 06 September 2022].
My Assignment Help. 'Accounting Principles II' (My Assignment Help, 2022) < https://myassignment.live/free-samples/acct2023-accounting-principles-ii/financial-statements-of-the-business-file-A1D39FE.html> accessed 06 September 2022.
My Assignment Help. Accounting Principles II [Internet]. My Assignment Help. 2022 [cited 06 September 2022]. Available from: https://myassignment.live/free-samples/acct2023-accounting-principles-ii/financial-statements-of-the-business-file-A1D39FE.html.
Are you confident that you will achieve the grade?
Our best Expert will help you improve your grade
If you are the original writer of this content and no longer wish to have your work published on Myassignment.live then please raise the content removal request.