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With the inevitably increasing population globally, sustainable development is the only way to ensure humans live without strain. However, for this to happen the interaction between water, energy, and food should be at an equilibrium state. This has to be implemented, from the rural to urban areas. In cities, there is immense growth of population, as a result the land is limited. Other essential human needs, for instance water, food and energy is therefore limited. Since cities largely depend on these resources, implementation and management of water, energy and food (WEF) is essential, for sustainable development. As a result, cities are finding new ways to use the scarce resources. Currently, agriculture consumes a large percentage of freshwater, which is also a necessity to humans. The agricultural sector relies on water for manufacturing, conveyance and also as an energy source. Manufacturing, transportation, and distribution of food produce, also requires energy (Flammini, Puri, Pluschke & Dubois, 2014). However, as population increases, there is a strain in these resources. Hence, various cities around the world are looking for ways to curb this challenge. For instance, in Newark city in New Jersey, a company called AeroFarms has found a way to increase food production, with less water and energy using modern technologies (Gragg, Anandhi, Jiru & Usher, 2018). The company has adopted modern ways to increase food production using less energy and water. Positive correlation between water, energy and food standard in cities translates to fostered economic growth. As a result, it creates employment opportunities in urban areas. The development of these strategies has helped in ensuring sustainable development among Newark residents. (Gragg, Anandhi, Jiru & Usher, 2018). The interaction of the three creates a cycle that involves modernization, optimization and answers to the current problems. When one of the systems becomes cheaper, the others also become affordable, but the inflation of one system affect the others negatively.
For suitable development to be achieved, there are various methods the cities can use. These include, policies development and implementation. Policy levels involves development of laws and regulations that govern it. The energy efficiency policies govern implementation of projects that ensure minimum energy use. Some states in the United States, for instance California, have laws that govern energy use. For instance, The California Solar Rights Act ensures cost effective installation of renewable energy appliances, mainly solar panels. Additionally, building code policies in cities across California, ensures construction of houses that use less energy. The development of this law has enabled the cities in the state to have cheap and sustainable energy. Planning and zoning policies is another act that most cities in the United States have developed. This ensures there is no limitation by the state towards adoption of renewable energy. Zoning policies was structured to increase construction of energy efficient house (California Solar Permitting Guidebook, 2019). Water conservation laws by some states in the United States, have helped their cities to reduce the amount of water used by each household. Houston, for instance have a limit for water used in each toilet to limit water consumption. Additionally, plumbing and building codes have been implemented by some cities like New York. This would ensure washrooms and laundry use minimum amount of water (Alliance for water efficiency, 2017). As a result, buildings in the city are forced to use less than other cities in the country. Food production industry has also evolved over time. There are laws that have been developed in some cities across the United States that govern it. The New York City Food Policy, for instance was developed to ensure food availability in the city is achieved. The policy cuts across all the lines from the economic, health and education sector (Freudenberg, Cohen, Poppendieck & Willingham, 2018).
Policy implementation ensures various laws governing these cities are achieved. For instance, institutional collaboration for formulation of strategies between the government and multiple stakeholders, including manufacturers and customers. The association of cities with other neighboring cities and the private sector will enable sustainable development. This can be achieved by involving multiple stakeholders in decision making. Residents have also been involved immensely through capacity building. Institution cooperation is also important in implementation, and making of nexus decisions (McNamara, Nauditt, Penedo & Ribbe, 2018). Additionally, integration of modern technology and strategies will help in management of the scarce resources available. Some cities have developed new systems that are able to reduce amount of resource consumption both in agriculture and energy. For instance, San Francisco has shifted its energy use from carbon to biofuels. This proves to be cost effective and reduces the amount of pollution. In so doing, water sources and agriculture thrives (Peter & Swilling, 2012). Enforcing of Agency Review in California has ensured that cities in the state are able to get sustainable energy. These agencies ensure the correct purchasing, installation and management of solar panels is carried out. This enables correct parameters for energy conservation to be achieved (California Solar Permitting Guidebook, 2019). Additionally, food productions in New Jersey has improved through vertical farming. Technology has enabled increase food production. It has also limited pollution, which arise as a result of unplanned agricultural processes. (Gragg, Anandhi, Jiru & Usher, 2018).
Carbon emission is one of the most pressing problems in most cities currently. Through conducting greenhouse gas records, cities can plan their future prospects. This will help cities that are heavily affected by climate change to find alternative solutions to solve these problems (Aznar, Day, Doris, Mathur & Donohoo, 2015). The food industry has also been centralized by some cities in America. In so doing, food security has been achieved. New York City for instance, has developed food purchasing guidelines to improve local retail shops, which help residents acquire food stuff easily. Also, it keeps records of all food stores to ensure the inhabitants consume quality food stuffs. Additionally, through proper governance, the New York City has advocated for free lunch to all students in the city (Freudenberg, Cohen, Poppendieck & Willingham, 2018). Policy implementation is hence, important in ensuring the laws and policies in the cities are useful. In achieving this, the little resources are transformed into huge projects, which enable human sustainability
Alliance for water efficiency. (2017). The Water Efficiency and Conservation State Scorecard: An Assessment of Laws. Retrieved https://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/sites/www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/files/highlight_documents/AWE-2017-State-Scorecard.pdf
Aznar, A., Day, M., Doris, E., Mathur, S., & Donohoo, V.P. (2015). City-level energy decision making: Data use in energy planning, implementation, and evaluation in US cities (No. NREL/TP-7A40-64128). National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/64128.pdf
California Solar Permitting Guidebook. (2019). Improving Permit Review and Approval for Solar Systems. Retrieved from http://opr.ca.gov/docs/20190226-Solar_Permitting_Guidebook_4th_Edition.pdf
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Freudenberg, N., Cohen, N., Poppendieck, J., & Willingham, C. (2017). Ten Years of Food Policy Governance in New York City: Lessons for the Next Decade. Fordham Urb. LJ, 45, 951. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0fd/87e552186e0cdf5a5fffc685838d7c7008b5.pdf
Gragg III, S., David, R., Anandhi, A., Jiru, M., & Usher, K. (2018). A Conceptualization of the Urbanizing Food-Energy-Water Nexus Sustainability Paradigm: Modelling from Theory to Practice. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 133.Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00133/full
McNamara, I., Nauditt, A., Penedo, S., & Ribbe, L. (2018). NEXUS Water-Energy-Food Dialogues Training Material: Introduction to the Water-Energy-Food Security (WEF) NEXUS. Retrieved from https://www.water-energy-food.org/fileadmin/user_upload/files/documents/giz/nexus-mainstreaming/Handbook_Module_1_compressed_file.pdf
Peter, C., & Swilling, M. (2012). Sustainable, resource efficient cities – Making it happen! Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1124SustainableResourceEfficientCities.pdf
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