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The use of solar power has been slowly developing in the United Kingdom, along with the other European countries. Due to the subsidies which are available from the government of the U.K. and diminishing of the equipment cost the solar power and technology are becoming more and more attractive and popular among the citizens and industries in the country. Companies and firms are investing more and more into their research and development projects to find innovative ways to use solar power in their industries. The small scale industries are investing in foreign companies and companies with information technologies to build a solar panel for them. Many firms in the country have already set up solar farms and solar plants, which provides them with electricity at a meagre cost (Freeman, Kalogirou and Markides 2017).
It also reduces the cost by broadening the use of the range of the applications of the use of the solar panels in their industry. The different types of photovoltaic plants which are used to build the building facades, windows and public spaces are less costly sources of electricity. This allows the use of the P.V. plants in areas of the country where the field is out of the reach of power.
The paper will discuss the various advances which are continuously being used along with the associated technologies of installing panels, energy storage an grid integration. The paper will find out the advantages of using the solar Energy and these kinds of emerging solar technologies will be helping the country in reducing the high the emission of carbon and meeting the targets of using the lower cost of source of Energy which is widespread of the use of solar energy in the U.K.
There is an increase in the present technology which is used in the U.K. The increase in the use of the solar energy and solar thermal for the buildings gives the people in the U.K. an insight into a positive future. According to the author, if the country increases its use of solar power and solar thermals up to 15% by the year 2020, there will solve a problem with the generation of the wind power sector in the country. There are a vast number of clouds on the horizon of the country where there is a massive amount of the windmills which are dedicated to generating a considerable amount of electricity for the country. The increase in the use of the solar panels and solar thermals in the building soothe country will create opposition from the wind generating sector of the country. In fact, some of the infrastructures constructors of the country and companies will fear to proceed with the use of solar thermal in the buildings due to the opposition raised against the use of thermal plants from the wind sector in the U.K.
FIG 1. Represents the U.K. solar thermal generation from the year 2004 till 2015
Source: Hellgard and Markides (2017)
Another essential aspect which is to be kept in mind is about the effects of the subsidy reduction in solar thermal plants and buildings. There are various critics who have claimed from the support of the coalition government of U.K. particular issue is only due to the rise and expansion of the solar farms and solar thermals in the buildings in the countrysides of U.K. of which the government of U.K. is not much fond of. There is an excellent concern which is being raised by the people for the future of the region's agricultural production, which is considered as the number one manufacturing sector in the United Kingdom.
FIG 2. Represents the share of Energy from renewable sources
Source: Rogers (2016)
According to Freeman, Hellgard and Markides (2017), there is a massive increase in the use of solar thermals in the U.K. along with the expansion of the energy fields which are powered by the use of solar panels. There is also a problem with the increase in the growth of the solar panel and thermal manufacturers. According to a research by Jouhara (2016), it has been found out that the manufacturers are cutting the edges of the solar panels and solar thermals for the building which is being resulted in the use of inefficient materials in the solar thermals and solar panels.
FIG 3. Represents the estimated installation cost of the solar panel after years
Source : (Pandey, Adzman and Rahim 2018).
It is also reported by Sutton et al. (2016)that the panels and thermals are composed of inferior materials which do not own the capacity of producing electricity for the long run. The National Solar Center in the United Kingdom along with the government, has implemented a possible solution for the problem raised. They are deciding to implement new ways to test the panels and thermals directly from the productions and manufacturing unit or production line, which will aid in eliminating the development of low quality manufacturers.
The sun is known for providing a tremendous resource in generating a clean and sustainable source of electricity, which is without any toxic pollution or global warming emissions. But these are also known as creating potential environmental impacts which are associated with the use of solar power are mainly with the use of excess land and loss of habitat, use of excess water as well as the use of hazardous materials in the manufacturing units.
Impact of Solar Energy on the electricity grid –The increase in the use of the solar P.V. uptake has also reduced the solar connection cost for the customers. With the increase in solar pretention is making it easier for the customers to feed on excess Energy to the overall grid.
Excessive use of land and loss of habitat –Depending on the location of the solar thermal generating plants and manufacturing units the larger units of the thermal production units are raising the concerns about the land degradation and loss of habitat. The total area of the requirement of the land varies with the use of the latest technologies used and the topography of the site as well as the intensity of the solar resource. However, according to Rogers (2016), there is also less opportunity for solar thermal projects to share the land along with the land which is utilized for the agricultural purpose. The land is highly impacted by the high rate of usage of brownfields, abandoned mining and an increase in the transportation and transmission of harmful gases.
Water Use – The solar cells which are used in generating electricity in the solar thermals of the building, are known to use some water. This water is used in manufacturing and developing the solar photovoltaic components used in the solar thermal plants used in the buildings. Also, it is said by the author Bayon, (2016) that the concentrating solar thermal plants which are used in the building tops require enough water for cooling the system. The water which is used fully depends on the design of the thermal plant, the placement of the plant and location of the plant. According to the result from a research work which was conducted by Kylili, Ioannides and Kalogirou (2018) it showed that the concentrating solar thermal plants which are used in the wet recirculation technology along with the cooling towers which are placed above the top of the buildings require a minimum amount of 600 to 650 gallons of water per megawatt of hourly production of electricity.
Impact on nature with the use of hazardous materials – The P.V. cells which are used in the manufacturing process does include a number of hazardous material most of which are mainly used in cleaning purpose and purification of the semiconductor surface of the solar thermals. According to a research work by Agathokleous, Kalogirou and Karellas (2018) these chemicals are mainly used in the general semiconductor industry includes the hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen and acetone. The workers who are working in that condition are also affected by various types of skin diseases. They also have to face risks with the inhalation of the silicon dust. According to Khanna, Reddy and Mallick (2018) if these harmful materials are not handled with proper care and disposed of properly, the can pose a very serious environmental as well as public health threats. The emerging companies in the U.K. are investing a huge amount of money and have a strong financial incentive which makes sure that these highly valuable and rare materials get disposed of or recycled rather than throwing it to the water or land resources.
Excess emission of carbon dioxide into nature – According to Abdelrazik, Saidur and Ben-Mansour (2018)he stated that there are no harmful global warming emissions which are associated with the generating electricity from the solar thermals used in the building tops. Whereas he also stated that there is high emission of harmful gas are only associated with the stages of the solar life cycle which generally includes the manufacturing of the materials, transportation of the materials, installation and maintenance of the materials. The emission of carbon dioxide from the product life cycle of the solar thermal plants ranges from 0.26 pounds to 0.52 pounds of carbon dioxide from one kilowatt of power.
Threats to the wind sector and agricultural sector - With the implementation of the solar thermal Energy the wind energy sector will slowly decrease, The cost of setting up a wind energy sector is far more costly than implementing the solar thermal energy. The use of solar energy will also affect the agricultural land because it requires a huge amount of land to place the solar panels. The excess radiation which will be received by the panels will destroy the crops which will be planted next to the solar panel sectors, which will diminish the food value and quality of the crops.
As the price of the conventional fuels rises rapidly and as the technology becomes more affordable and accessible by most of the people. In the near future, most of the people will be turning to renewable energy solutions because it provides environmentally friendly heating and electricity to the homes and business workplace. Few of the technical developments now and into future are :
Full-spectrum stacked solar-thermal, and P.V. receiver – Devices like the full spectrum stacked solar thermals and P.V. receivers are currently under the development where the sun's rays are reflected and then filtered. Thereafter it is filtered and spat to provide both electricity and heat. This makes it capable of emitting a high level of Energy thus increasing the efficiency of the hybrid devices (Hinkley, Miller and Lipi?ski 2018).
Hetero-Epitaxial solar cell for hybrid converter – A very low cost heteroepitaxial solar cell for the hybrid converted is currently under the development process of the U.K. Department of energy source. They are seeing the utility-scale technology which might be dish-shaped and will be able to attract a huge amount of sunlight and split those Energy to the receiver (Kabir, Adelodun and Kim 2018).
Liquid filter with Plasmonic Nanoparticles hybrid solar system – The liquid filter with plasmonic nanoparticles hybrid solar system is getting developed by the University of Tulsa, which is presently capturing the non-visible wavelength of lights. Those are helping the fluid which is present inside the tube to get heated up and absorb the nanoparticles. Later on, the liquid will transmit the part of the sun's radiation spectrum that will be most easily converted to electricity.
Apart from the awareness for the use of the solar thermals in the buildings, there should be a separate workforce and technical support department who knows how to install the solar thermals and solar panels in the building top. The companies in the U.K. lack these facilities and expertise. The necessary expertise in order to assemble solar thermals and manage the facilities is a big issue. Presently the country is relying on the experts from the other countries to run its solar panels and solar thermals.
FIG 4. Represents the barriers of installation of solar thermal Energy
Source: Greening and Azapagic (2014)
The country also suffers from an insufficient institutional framework. According to the present electric plants and companies are maintained by the country's National Energy Regulation Commission. (NERC). The plants which are not able to produce 1megawatt of Energy per month they are not adequately regulated by the regulatory commission. Few of the barriers which are faced by the solar thermal plants in the U.K. are discussed below:
Technological Barriers – U.K. lacks skilled personnel. Due to the lack of poor personnel there is no reinforcement of the management, which leads to the building of poor plans with poor standards. The growing companies are also lacking the maintenance and operation which is required to enable a smooth business. There is a lack of training and development mechanism in the companies. They do not know how to acknowledge the recent and latest technologies available in the market and accept the risk of implementing them. These acts as a barrier where the technology seems to be locked up (Pandey, Adzman and Rahim 2018).
Social and Cultural behaviour – Due to the lack of consumer awareness of the product, it acts as a barrier which directly affects the marketing projection negatively. People have a lack of knowledge about the understanding and benefits of the use of the solar panels and solar thermals, which diminishes the chance of the resistance of the new technology being used. People who are in the countryside have cultural and religious faith controversies towards the economic development and sustainability.
Economic and Financial Barriers In the early stage of development, the solar projects need to acquire high incentives, which will encourage the entrepreneurs to adopt and sustain the projects. There is a lack of financial support to the companies. The companies also need to invest in the research and development departments and import duties and supportive companies which will be able to support the local manufacturing industries of solar thermal and solar plants.
Institutional and Legal barriers The institutional barriers which mainly include is a lack of legal framework and regulatory issues. These barriers cause risk of uncertainty in supporting solar energy. There is also a lack of proper communication mechanism in the employees. Due to the poor research and development culture and non – interference of the stakeholder's companies are unable to grow and build capital. This diminishes the growth for improvement and improving the negative perception of the latest technologies available.
Political Issues – There is a lack of long term policies and political support to diversify into the use of clean energy. Also, due to the continuous change in the government and reshuffling of the business institutions, there is a fear received by the companies from the government. These factors are acting as a barrier to serving the future planning for the solar projects and adoption of the other renewable sources of energy.
The role of policies and subsidies As it was mentioned earlier that there is a significant scope of increasing the number of totals installed solar heat capacities in the U.K. The companies are also targeting to be close enough to their target in reaching the target of installing 1 solar thermal in the building top in a distance of 20 meters. Due to the various subsidies schemes which are received from the U.K. government is helping the companies to cut the cost of the solar panels, which will decrease the trend of the capital cost of solar technologies used. The U.K. should also double the capacity of installing and production capacity of their solar thermals.
Retrofitting existing building The use of retrofitting buildings is technically possible, whereas it also acts as an opportunity where the company will have to expend less in regards to the high upfront costs. This is less time-consuming permission which is received from the government. This will help the companies to focus on the voluntary market with the advance of the financial incentives which are received from the government and short term awareness. As promised by the government these incentive scheme will be removed as soon as the companies gather establishment with the implementation of the latest technologies
Role of shareholders and investors in the business According to the author Herrando and Markides (2016) the public policies will also help the companies to provide and accelerated and transparent permission procedures. The present public companies which are investing in the U.K. can provide a list of technological solutions regarding the integration of the solar system which can be applicable to as many building one can. In case of the house and building where a person stay as a guest or rents for a year or so the companies can provide an innovative financial model to them which should include the contracting and leasing models in operating the solar thermal on a timely basis. However according to Greening and Azapagic (2014)the innovative financial models such as the crowd funding technology and framework can be used in helping the people with an expense of high upfront costs.
In order to conclude the above research paper it can be said that the country is developing with the use of the non renewable sources of Energy that is the use of the solar thermals as a producer of electricity in a wide scale. The paper has discussed the current state of technologies which are used in U.K. The technological developments which can be brought in to the solar thermal development industries are also discussed in the paper. The paper has also discussed the barriers and opportunities for the sector in the U.K. market. Therefore it can be recommended that the country would see 7700 gig watt of electricity by the year 2020.
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