Over View Of Liver
- Liver is regarded as the largest organ of the body, which is located in the right upper portion of the abdominal fissure.
- The liver consists of both endocrine and exocrine portions and performs a wide range of activities, which is essential for maintaining body function such as fulfilling nutritional requirement, maintaining homeostasis and upholding the immune response (Majno et al., 2014).
- The liver weight varies in male and female, which also develops and increases with age just like other organs. It weights up to 1.3 to 1.7 kg in males and 1.1 to 1.3 kg in females. At birth, the weight of liver is 150 g, which gradually increases with age.
Lobes Of Liver
- It is observed that the live is divided in to two different lobes and it is attached by the falciform ligament in the diaphragmatic superficial.
- The right lobe is greater than the left lobe.
- It is observed on the visceral superficial of the liver, there exists four lobes named right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe and caudate lobes.
- The right lobe is positioned right side of the fossa for the gallbladder, the left lobe is positioned in the left side of the fissures for the ligaments teres and ligamentum. The quadrate lobe is positioned amongst the fissure for ligamentum and fossa for gallbladder. The caudate lobes is located between the fissure for ligamentum venosum and groove for IVC (Patil et al., 2014).
- The functional lobe is divided on the basis of intrahepatic distribution of the branches such as portal veins, hepatic artery and bile ducts.
Functional Units Of Liver
- The functional units of liver are lobules and bile ducts.
- Lobules-the liver lobules are made up of hepatocytes, which makes up to 70 to 80% of the liver mass and is bounded by interlobular veins.
- Bile ductus-it consists of series of duct such as bile canaliculi, canals of hering, interlobular bile ducts and right and left hepatic ducts (Vernon et al., 2020).
Digestive Function Of Liver
- The liver and pancreas are actively involved in the digestive system, which helps in maximizing the absorption rate in the small intestine.
- One of the chief purposes of liver in digestive system is the production of bile. Bile plays a significant role in ingestion of fats in the body (Trefts et al., 2017).
- Fats fail to dissolves in water due to its hydrophobic nature and thus, it is dissolved by the produced bile in the liver and thereby helps in digestion and absorption.
- The production of Bile also helps in carrying away the waste product from the body and thus helps in excretion.
- It also helps in producing proteins and cholesterols, which helps in fat transportation throughout the body.
- Liver survives as a detox organ of the body, which also helps upholding the immune system. The filters situated in the liver named Kupffer cells helps in engulfing the toxins within the body and thus helps in excreting the toxin by a process named phagocytes (Hodges & Minich, 2015).
Bile Production
- Bile is regarded as a green to yellowish colour fluid, which is created by the liver and thus aids in ingestion of fats and lipids in the small intestine.
- It is produced in the liver and stored in gallbladder.
- Bile is regarded as a complex aqueous secretion, which is originated from the liver hepatocyte cells and is modified within the bile epithelium duct. The bile then move in the gallbladder from where it is transmitted in to the intestinal lumen. The bile salts are generally synthesized in the hepatocytes and are then transmitted in to the bile canaliculi. The salts along with amino acids, glucose and bile pigments are actively concealed into the canaliculi (Gottlieb & Canbay, 2019).
- The gall bladder is filled by the bile after its passage through the biliary tree and then reaches to the hepatic duct.
- The bile is discharged in to the small intestine when the chyme present in the small intestine of the Oddi Sphincter of Boyden are calm.
Enterohepatic Circulation
- The continuous circulation of bile salts from the liver to bile and finally its passageway in to the duodenum is known as enterohepatic circulation. It is important because it allows the recycle of non-metabolized and metabolized products and plays an important role in removing toxic substance of the gastrointestinal tract (Cai & Chen, 2014).
Regulation Of Bile Secretion
- The bile secretion enhances after accumulation of more bile acids, which primarily occurs after consumption of fatty meals. This is regulation is known as bile acid dependent.
- The independent bile acid regulation is governed by electrolytes pumps such as sodium and potassium under the influence of secretin.
- In the small intestine it is regulated by a parasympathetic impulses named CCK-Pz secretion which helps in flowing of the bile in to the small intestine (Boyer, 2013).
Function Of Bile
- The bile helps in digestion of digestion of fat, absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins and helps in peristalisis movement of the small intestine.
- Fat is separated from the other food substances in the stomach and the bile salts are responsible for emulsifying the into the small intestine. The intestinal cells are found to absorb the fats.
- The lymph system is responsible for transporting fat with the help of chylomicron, which are long-chain fatty acids. The medium and short fats are absorbed directly in to the blood stream.
- Bile salts cease the longer fat globules in nutrition into minor precipitations of fat. Lesser fat precipitations is easy for breakage by the digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas. The bile salts also aid the cells in the bowel system in absorbing the broken fat droplets (Asgharpour et al., 2015).
Altered Liver Function
- It is understood that fat digestion is highly dependent upon bile secretion, normal intestinal function and pancreatic lipases. Pancreatic lipases are responsible for breaking down the fats for digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The absence of bile secretion occurs due to blockage of the biliary tract, which in turn results in jaundice and pale colored fatty stool. Excess fat in stool occurs due to malabsorption illness such as in celiac disorder (Ru et al., 2019).
- The impaired digestion or absorption results in fatty stool. It might also occur due to exocrine pancreatic inadequacy, lack of lipases , reduction of micelle formation, lack of bile salts and diseases of small intestine.
References
Asgharpour, A., Kumar, D., & Sanyal, A. (2015). Bile acids: emerging role in management of liver diseases. Hepatology international, 9(4), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-015-9656-7
Boyer J. L. (2013). Bile formation and secretion. Comprehensive Physiology, 3(3), 1035–1078. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c120027
Cai, J. S., & Chen, J. H. (2014). The mechanism of enterohepatic circulation in the formation of gallstone disease. The Journal of membrane biology, 247(11), 1067-1082. doi: 10.1007/s00232-014-9715-3.
Gottlieb, A., & Canbay, A. (2019). Why Bile Acids Are So Important in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Progression. Cells, 8(11), 1358. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8111358
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Patil, S., Sethi, M., & Kakar, S. (2014). Morphological study of human liver and its surgical importance. Int J Anat Res, 2(2), 310-14. ISSN 2321-4287
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Trefts, E., Gannon, M., & Wasserman, D. H. (2017). The liver. Current biology : CB, 27(21), R1147–R1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.019
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