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The genome editing technologies have made a huge progress in genetic science, Among them, the CRISPR-Cas9 technology. This technology stands out as a result of its merits such as easy handling, high levels of accuracy and low costs. The technology has a quick introduction in fields that are related to humans and animals while also posing challenging questions, concerns and bioethical issues of discussion. The most concern of the use of this technology stems from the utilization of CRISPR-Cas9 to modify the germline cells and embryos. Germline genome editing cases serious bioethical issues including the occurrence of undesirable alterations in genome, from where an informed consent is acquired and the breeding of human species, technically known as eugenics. This discussion will focus on the merits and demerits of using CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
Setting up the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-adjusting system for the first time proves to be difficult. It needs a lot of grafting and so that it can optimize the protocol prior to any success. However, after your protocol is up and functioning, it is easy to chop and adjust the set up so as to target the alternative genomic parts for editing. What one requires is to design and order the new guide RNAs, which are then introduced into the already running system.
A good example of this utility is the Depmap project which comprises the deleted region of approximately 17,00 genes in each 500 cancer cell lines in a CRISPR dependency screen. A good amount of work, but it is important to keep in mind that one deletion in one cell line may be the only requirement for one to get that publication figure.
CRISPR-Cas9 editing is relatively a cheaper method of deleting, silencing or even modifying a gene region. One can pick up the Cas9 and guide RNA expression vectors from a workmate or a collaborator in the same lab, and then purchase the primers to synthesize the RNA vectors. One can the other preparatory steps in in the lab with the cell structure equipment which includes; the cloning equipment, cells, media and transfection reagents.
As far as human health is concerned, the CRISPR-Cas9 technology is highly important because, the technology can;
Treat Alzheimer’s disease- CRISPR- based platforms that have been enhanced to identify the genes that control the cellular processes that lead to neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s hence leading to newfound treatments.
Treating HIV. The HIV virus puts its DNA into the body cells of the human host. CRISPR is witnessed progress in removing the virus’ DNA from the patient’s genome. Some other genetic sequences will be found and will have a high probability of removing the HIV, Herpes, hepatitis and other hazardous viruses.
Enhancing new drugs. The pharmaceutical firms invest in the development of CRISPR based drugs so as to treat heart disease, blood disorder and blindness among other serious illnesses.
The ethical matters for genetic engineering with the CRISPR specially in humans has been discussed far and wide, especially in human effect. CRISPR has the capability to alter the course of human evolution, with an aim of improving the society for greater good or in the undesired hands, to diminish the human experience. Most of the genetic engineers come into consensus with the fact that there is need to progress with caution and desired governance.
Genes affect health and disease, and also the human traits conduct. Researchers use the genetic technology to unravel the genetic contribution to the various phenotypes. Eugenics refer to enhancement of human species by selecting the breeding persons with the particular traits. Its aim is to lessen the human suffering by breeding out a particular disease, disabilities and the undesirable characteristics from the human populace. The more eugenics has come a long way and it offers hope of treating many devastating genetic illnesses. Genetic engineering is meant to remove genes so as to prevent diseases, cure them or even improve the body in a significant way.
Genetic engineering has potential costs as people could wipe out what they view as not being desirable in their offspring’s. Genetic testing permits the parents to identify some diseases in their children in utero and this may lead to termination of pregnancy. This is controversial as it comprises the negative traits in an open interpretation and many individuals may feel that all humans have the right to be born, regardless of the disease they are suffering from.
Eugenics respond to the expanded political, social and geographical integration of the black America and those who practiced it had interest in protecting and perfecting the white race because they thought that the white race had more superior genes. The purpose of this discrimination was to have babies from their superiors so as to get the intelligence that came from the white family.
Human genetic engineering counts on on science, and it was primarily advanced to assist finish the blowout of diseases. With the invention of genetic engineering, scientists have been able to change the way the genomes are constructed. The modern genetic engineering has been used to fight disease like diabetes, fibrosis and several other diseases.
Genetic engineering employs a viral factor that carries out functional gene inside the human body; the consequences are not yet known. There does not exist any clues as to where the functional genomes may be located. They may end up replacing the most vital genes instead of the mutated genes. This may end up causing another health condition or disease to human beings. Additionally, defective genes are substituted with the handy gene, and therefore, it is expected that there will be a discount in the genetic diversity and if the human beings will possess identical genomes, the populace as a whole will possess susceptible viruses or any form of diseases. Genetic engineering could also lead to the creation of unknown side effects. Some changes in an animal could lead to unpredicted allergic reactions in some persons which does not occur in the original genomic forms. Other alterations could lead to toxicity of an organism to the humans.
Several issues have come up regarding acknowledgment of this novelty. The concerns are moral issues relating to the lack of info on the effects of genetic engineering. A vital concern is that, after adjusted quality is put in a person, there can be no reversal of the cycle. Public response to the utilization of rDNA in genetic engineering has been blended. The creation of meds using hereditarily changed creatures has commonly been invited. In any case, pundits of rDNA dread that illness delivering, organic entities utilized in some rDNA examinations may foster amazingly irresistible structures that could cause overall plagues.
Genetic engineering in most cases utilize genes for antibiotic confrontation as selectable makers. Early in the engineering process, these makers assist in identifying cells that have taken up the foreign genes. Although they are no other use, the genes carry on to be expressed in the plant tissues. The existence of the antibiotic resistance genes in the foods could pose a lethal effect in human beings. Eating these foods could lessen the efficiency of antibiotics to combat disease. The resistance genes could also be moved to human pathogens, hence making them impermeable to antibiotics.
Research shows that CRISPR could be used to boost the level of expected intelligence of an embryo by a considerable amount. CRISPR9 has paved way forward for human beings to eliminate diseases and restore lost capabilities. The process is expected to take human beings to a new era of medicine. However, the question remains, how human beings can make themselves better. The cognitive genomics projects focus more on comprehension of the source of acumen in our genome. It might not be easy to study gene-trait association. which is a basic element of acumen. Cleverness is categorized into stability, heritability and prognostic powers. This is a complicated job as general intelligence follows no specific single gene-genetics. The scientists are not able to look for particular changes in particular genes, as they do for other illnesses including cystic fibrosis. Intelligence like traits that include various genes in heritage arrangements that we apprehend.
Gene editing is an effective way in influencing traits lie character and acumen in persons whose brain are shaped. One of the major ways that human beings can utilize to avoid gene editing process is practically by designing intelligence into our children from conception. Human beings can utilize in Vitro insemination and progression the genetic info for every embryo which is shaped for genetic likings. Given that cognitive genomic projects provides important data that assists the association amid some parts on the genome and acumen, then the paternities can hunt for these genetic sequences in latent embryos and therefore pick the embryos that have the anticipated traits. This method is important because it can increase the chances of raising intelligent offspring deprived of having to edit the exact genome sequences.
Despite all the ongoing developments and concerns, genetic engineering is tremendous. There is need for further testing and research so as to educate the society on the pros and cons of genetic engineering. The technology in genetic engineering has been of benefit to the society because it has led to increased knowledge about antibiotic resistance and the increase in the human intelligent quotient. It is important for researchers to use IVF technologies in the selection against the carrier embryos. The researchers however need to continue with caution so that they do not remove the genes that are highly required.
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