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HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which is the virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) still reigns as the world significant public health issue. According to the world health organization, the number of people who have died from HIV/AIDS is more than 30 million. The year 2018 saw 770,000 people succumb to the illness around the world (Trondillo, 2016). This epidemic has affected the African region more than anywhere else in the world. More than twenty-six million people in the African continent are infected with HIV. That is almost two-thirds of the total number of people with HIV globally. HIV doesn’t have treatment and many countries have come up with HIV awareness campaigns and management method to contain the rapid spread of the epidemic. To contain the spread and effects of HIV, there has been the use of various management procedures such as the use of antiretroviral therapy. This treatment has been successful method around the world (Friedrich, 2017). The world has been able to reduce the spread of HIV, but its effect still reigns. However, this method is not to cure, but the main aim is to manage the virus and prolong the lives of affected people. If a person is not treated, the situation escalates to a more complicated condition called HIV. This stage makes the body too weak to fight diseases. If the situation remains untreated, the overall life expectancy cannot exceed five years. (Sekhon & Minhas, 2016). This Assignment focuses on the determinant and distribution of HIV around the globe. Additionally, the assignment will narrow its aim into the principles of health promotion and primary care. Besides, the task will look at the role of midwives when dealing with HIV situation and also the impact of epidemics around the world in all aspect of life that is a social, political and economic impact.
The study for public health has been the core reason to further look at this topic. The way the society and the personnel organize themselves to try and control the spread of HIV in all aspect of health (Tubbing, Harting & Stronks, 2015). In the United Kingdom (UK), the spread of HIV is minimal, with nearly 101,000 people living with it (The Lancet HIV, 2014). However, with the small number in place, there still cases of late diagnosis which make people live with HIV without knowing (Sekhon & Minhas, 2016). Besides, there has been minimum awareness efforts here in the UK, where only a small fraction of the population knows the manner in which the disease is transmitted. Despite this, HIV still reigns among gay people and bisexual men. The year 2017, saw more than 400 deaths which was related to HIV (The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2019). The research done and analysis conducted has estimated that more than 230 of the 400 death would have been saved if the diagnosis was made earlier. This leaves the question if HIV awareness is done right and if there are ways to continue managing the spread (Trondillo, 2016). This has created an urge in me to understand the reason behind this trend not only in the UK but the whole world. As I was planning to tackle this topic, some questions kept on popping into my mind. If nations are maximally trying to fight diseases through awareness and various management steps, why is HIV still a global problem? Are mechanism put in place working or people have become ignorant of the fact that the disease still exists?
If the focus is shifted to the other places around the globe, the obvious answer would be that awareness is little. Many people are afraid to be tested, including couples who end up risking their lives as well as that of their children (Bona Chitah, 2016). In less developed countries people are mostly unaware of their HIV status. This explains the reasons why HIV pandemic reigns in countries like Africa (Martin, 2018). Although various mitigation and management on HIV have been made, still HIV posts a significant threat to people and their families. The National Aid Trust in the UK has been continuously mobilizing people against HIV and creating awareness to ensure people who are affected are treated fairly with compassion and understanding (Hörbst & Wolf, 2014). Knowledge of HIV has been declining for a long time, people are still stigmatized, and how HIV is transmitted to a person remains unclear to some (Eremie & Margaret, 2016).
Health outcomes refer to the process of understanding how well an individual respond to the treatment accrued to him or her. HIV awareness and management are used to understand better the efficiency of antiretroviral (ARVs) and other mechanisms. In measuring the HIV health outcome using HIV awareness and control, the consideration will be on the impact of the treatment on the person after a certain period (Tubbing, Harting & Stronks, 2015). Although HIV awareness doesn't provide medicine, it aims at sensitizing people about transmission, how to live a healthy life, to use protective methods, and also the various way someone can do to avoid getting HIV (The Lancet HIV, 2014). HIV awareness and management consider discharging medicines which don't pose a danger or adverse side effect on the patient. The aim is to positively impact on people so that they can live normally like other people who are HIV negative (Brown, Gill & Delpech, 2013). HIV awareness look into whether the disease management is getting better or worse, the patient satisfaction and the cost of medication
On disease management, it is right to say that HIV has been contained in many countries. HIV epidemiology recently has reduced due to proper awareness and management methods that aim at reducing the spread and the effect of the virus (Eremie & Margaret, 2016). Epidemiology refers to how determinant of health-related states are distributed and the application of the study to control the diseases and other health issues (Shah, Dhabe & Dey, 2015). HIV epidemiology and distribution has been particularly high in sub-Saharan Africa, with more than 66% of cases of HIV. In South Asia and Southern East Asia 12% of the total population are affected by HIV (Trondillo, 2016). Since the day AIDS was recognized, it has robbed more than 30 million lives. Although mechanism is being put in place which has seen the number reduce, it still remains a problem to health outcomes (Shah, Dhabe & Dey, 2015).
Health refers to the state of the body, physical and mentally and doesn’t necessarily mean a person doesn't have the disease. Health is shaped by various constant factors that affect the well being of an individual. For example, the environment in which a person is raised, relationships and psychological pressure one is subjected to. It can also mean the ability of a person to adapt and control critical situations. Definitely the meaning of health significantly differs from one human to another. This is because health is an individual responsibility and determinants differs and hence, health in one person may be different in another person. Health is a resource for a person. (Elsevier, 2017) It is a valuable asset in which, in its absence can affect a person socially and economically (Pender, Mary Ann Parsons & Murdaugh, 2019). Generally, the concept of health revolves around having good health. Good health, therefore, means that an individual, physical, mental, emotional state is well. Some things bring general good health to a person. A place where a person lives or the surrounding, a person genetic, education level, relationship and the level of income.
On the other hand, health promotion refers to means or mechanism put in place to enable individuals to control and improve their health. In this case, the combination of other social structures that can help someone have control and manage HIV (Slavin, 2016). Health promotion means there exists a balanced environment where a person is capable of maintaining or improving his or her health for example, employment (Sparks, 2013). Being employed helps a person in getting the income and improve or maintain his or her health. Health promotion aims at giving an individual mandate to be the custodian of their health. On October 2008 the Royal Society for Public Health was formed in the UK. This body act as advocates for health promotion. As the name suggests, health promotion aims at promoting, to educate to empower individual live a healthy life (Sparks, 2013). Health promotion is, therefore, an aspect of public health and various organizations and government agency and society to raise awareness on HIV and call for needed change to improve health
As explained the strength of the definition of health above is that an individual effort is essential and not an everyday factor. Therefore, by understanding that each person has a role to play will make them uphold the highest standard of health. A healthy person at large creates a healthy society which eventually form a healthy nation. Additionally, various organization and institution understand that promotion of health is not an individual task, but a collective one in which awareness should be created. The weakness of the definition means that there is no overall definition of health. Anybody can define what health means. This means that government agencies, institutions and organization can overlook the promotion of health depending on how people perceive health. That the reason why countries like Africa has been left behind in enhancing and promoting health. The case of Ebola speaks volume.
Midwifery has been an evolving role in nursing. Nurses have been active in supporting people who have been affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) since the day HIV was discovered (Sparks, 2013). The most significant role has been in prevention of HIV infection from the mother to the child. They are the primary healthcare who are available for pregnant women. Not only do midwife asset during birth but also in the postpartum period (Rogala, Mazur & Ma?li?ska, 2015). They have assisted millions of the first mother in preparation for parenthood. What has been their role in the promotion of health concerning HIV?
This has been a significant step in managing the spread of HIV from the mother to the child. Midwives have assisted numerous women in knowing their HIV status (Mody et al. 2016). It should be noted that knowing the status for pregnant women is the first step in getting appropriate care and treatment (Wulandari et al., 2019). However, in the sub-Saharan region, more than 70% of the population don’t know their HIV status. This makes it difficult for midwives in their operation to ensure the virus hasn’t been transmitted from m the mother to the child. A mother who knows her HIV status will be able to protect her family and the life of her child. This has been an ultimate role of midwives in HIV management
They have been a significant pillar in ensuring women get HIV awareness. Not only do they provide valuable information on prenatal care, hygiene and nutrition, but they have also counselled many pregnant women in living an HIV free life (Rogala, Mazur & Ma?li?ska, 2015). With the increased spreading of the virus, incidences of meeting a positive mother are very high. Therefore, contemporary issues like counselling are necessary to create awareness and to enhance HIV management (Rink, FourStar & Anastario, 2015). Women found having the virus are advised on a better method to observe to prevent spreading the virus to other people and their children (Larsson et al., 2019). These mechanisms involve no breastfeeding, to use protection and to continue using ARVs.
Like discussed, the goal of health outcome is to access if the care given is helping, the patients or not. In doing so, midwives ensure HIV awareness and management by guiding mothers on better nutrition’s to use when they have been diagnosed with HIV. For women who are HIV negative, they are supposed to breastfeed their children for six to 24 months to enhance growth and development. (The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2019) In an instance, a mother is HIV positive, and only exclusive breastfeeding is supported where replacement feeding is not available. If replacement feeding is convenient, midwives greatly discourage the use of breastfeeding method to women who have been affected with HIV (Rink, FourStar & Anastario, 2015). This has helped in creating awareness and also at the same time reduces the spread of HIV
Midwives have integrated knowledge with HIV prevention and care to come up with prevention strategies. They have educated women and their family about risk behaviours that may lead to a person being infected with HIV. They have trained women on better ways to protect their families from HIV pandemic (Marzalik et al., 2018). Education given by midwives is incorporated with counselling to prevent trauma and stigmatization of the people living with HIV. Besides from HIV, midwives have greatly educated women on other sexually transmitted diseases and how they impact the health outcomes of their families (Tsai et al., 2015). This education also incorporates some aspect of nutritional and care that goes ahead to ensure the health welfare of the mother and the child is safeguarded (Kent, 2018). The mothers should ensure good nutritional status is given to their children in case the child is infected to prevent instances of weight loss.
HIV management doesn’t involve treatment only. It is a challenging and traumatizing virus which may leave some pregnant women heartbroken and devastated. Midwives, through their counselling skills, have ensured maximum emotional and psychological support is given to pregnant women who have been affected by HIV (Elison, Verani & McCarthy, 2015). Therefore, HIV awareness has been encouraged by midwives through the use of antiretroviral vaccines and non-antiretroviral measures (Kent, 2018). Support also ensure that the mother who has been diagnosed with HIV continue with treatment and adhere to proper nutrition and avoidance of risky behaviours that may endanger others (Yager et al., 2017). Therefore, by doing so, HIV wariness and management has been a prime role of midwives in ensuring positive health outcomes to people who have been affected by HIV.
Ewes and Simnett (2017), have come up with five educational approaches that can be used in this case to enhance health outcome and health promotion concerning HIV.
The aim during pregnancy and postnatal period are to enable mothers to be free from the HIV epidemic. Midwives encourage mothers to be screened for HIV to prevent infection and also to prevent infecting other people after birth. This approach aims to avoid; therefore, midwives also educate women on risky behaviours that may lead them to acquire HIV. A follow-up may also be made after prenatal care to make sure a mother is following recommended procedures
Behavioural change approach focuses on altering patient mentality and attitude, so they apply a healthy lifestyle. Midwives, therefore, ensure mothers are following a nutritional guideline that is not only beneficial to them but their unborn children. They are also to adhere to the same direction after birth (Poston, 2014). To reduce the effect and to manage HIV, they are taught on how to refrain from risky behaviours that endanger the lives of their families. The aim of the approach is for mothers to follow a healthy lifestyle
Like discussed in the role of midwives, they also give educational informational to women during pregnancy and after pregnancy. In an educational approach, women are educated on nutrition and assisted in using valuable health practices during and after birth (Kimmel & Nash, 2014). Therefore, mothers are encouraged to make an informed decision to prevent infection and promote positive health outcomes (Bernstein et al., 2016). Midwives, however, may assist them in discharging these decisions, such as hygiene, knowing their status since it is a personal decision and cannot be forced by anyone.
The client-centered approach focuses on working with mothers to identify their wants and making decisions in a manner in which it is beneficial to them. During pregnancy and postnatal, women may have a lot of concerns regarding their health status and that of their young ones. Therefore, midwives assist such women in getting knowledge and information to improve their health (Tsai et al., 2015). The main here is to make the mother who is the client, a self-empowered person who can maintain and improve her health and that of her young ones. Midwives, therefore, trust mothers that they are capable of controlling and contributing to their health. Midwives only offer support, to make sure mothers are capable of living a healthy lifestyle.
This is the last approach, according to Ewles and Simnett. The focus of societal change approach is not the mother but the surrounding and the environment (Alwan et al., 2016). That is the physical and social environment that surround women. During pregnancy, these environments may be relationships with other peoples and their spouses or the general view of health in the society they live (Kram, 2015). Therefore, midwives concern is helping the mothers have a healthy environment instead of concentrating on them. This may be done through counselling and awareness
In this assignment, it has been noted that HIV still reigns and continue to be among the World Health Organization concern. The awareness and management done still haven't bored fruits and societies continue to suffer from the epidemic. The effect over the past effect has seen countries invest billions of shillings to fight the disease to no avail (Hamers, 2016). Therefore, they have decided to incorporate various management and awareness technique. The need to sensitize society about the danger of HIV and the treatment options available (The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2019). It is right from the discussion that awareness has been poorly done in many countries which have seen poor health outcomes. There have also been cases of manipulation of the patient as the test for a cure still goes on. Africa, in particular, has tasted the brutal punishment of HIV with more than 10 million people being affected by the epidemic (Yager et al., 2017). The assignment also went ahead and looked at the role of midwives in relationship to HIV awareness and management, how they safeguard lives and protect the unborn and born generation. In giving my recommendation, I would hope for more sensitization to the public, increased awareness to make sure people know the effect of HIV and the method through which HIV is transmitted. Although the world is trying to control the spread of HIV, it is still a challenge, and thus, collaboration should be enhanced to make sure possible care or vaccine is achieved. The hope for a world without HIV is viable.
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