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Digestive disorders or gut disorders affects a large number of people in UK and all over the world. It was estimated that around 4 in 10 people suffer from at least one type of digestive disorder in the country of United Kingdom (2). Digestive disorders can be considered as those conditions that involve and affect digestive tract which includes liver, stomach, large and small intestine, pancreas, etc. Some of the common digestive disorder can be irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, reflux disease, etc. (1). This briefing sheet explains about the differences between the structural and functional disorders of gut and describes the symptoms of a commonest gut disorders. Along with this, the sheet explains the treatments that can be used to treat common guts disorders.
The digestive system is made of gastrointestinal tract which includes liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, etc. that helps in the digestion of food and absorption of nutrition from it (3). Some of the most common digestive disorders can be Gas, celiac disease, diarrhea, acid reflux, etc. The disorders can be segregated into two parts i.e., the structural and the functional disorders. The functional gut disorders can be known as those disorders that have recurring and persistent symptoms for example, pain and bloating (4). The diagnosis of these symptoms is done with the help of tools and tests such as endoscopies, blood tests, diagnostic imaging, etc. Unlike these disorders, structural gut disorders are those which occur when a particular organ or an internal digestive structure wis deformed or abnormal and does not work properly. Structural disorders are comparatively easy to diagnose as compared to functional disorders (5).
A functional bowel disorder can be known as a functional gastrointestinal issue in which the symptoms accumulate in the mid to lower gastrointestinal tract and affects the same. These disorders involve irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, unspecified functional disorder, diarrhea, etc. (6). The subjects of the functional gut disorders may include the non-patients who have never sought any care for the functional digestive disorder in addition to those patients those who have sought care for the first time of multiple times in the past (7).
Unlike these disorders, structural digestive disorders are those when the bowel of a person looks abnormal. The parts of the digestive system which are injured or are abnormal needs to be removed surgically and the organ or the internal part affected needs more in-depth diagnosis (8). Types of functional disorders are irritable bowel syndrome, functional abdominal bloating, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, functional abdominal pain, functional abdominal pain syndrome, unspecified functional bowel disorder, etc. In addition, structural disorders include hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, anal fissures, etc. (7).
The characterization of functional gastrointestinal disorders can be done by some symptoms like pain, cramps, gas, bloating, diarrhea, incontinence, constipation, etc. unlike this, the characterization of structural disorders are done with the help of alternating constipation and diarrhea, change in bowel habits, excess gas, etc. (9). Some common reasons by which the human body gets affected by functional and structural guts disorders are:
Other factors that cause these diseases may include food intolerance, poor diet, viral and bacterial infections, inflammation and autoimmune diseases, structural causes, genetics, etc. Certain foods can cause allergic reactions to the lips, mouth, throat, etc. and can cause nausea, vomiting, etc. (11). In addition, inclusion of high fat diet can result in low fiber in the persistence in this condition can cause constipation and other problems leading to digestive disorders. Along with this, the involvement of viruses, bacteria, etc. can infect the stools and can cause digestive disorders. For example, bacteria like Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, etc. can adversely affect gut health (13).
Commonest guts disorders include Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Abdominal bloating, diarrhea, functional constipation, bowel disorder, abdominal pain, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, ulcers, etc. The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include abnormal stool, abnormal stool form, abnormal stool passage, passage of mucus, bloating, abdominal distension, etc. (14). The symptoms of abdominal pain include stomach pain, gas, discomfort, uneasiness, burping and belching, etc.
Guts disorders remain a common problem for the majority of people in United Kingdom which needs immediate attention and treatment. The treatments include various interventions and treating ways that can help in reducing the prevalence of these diseases. The interventions for gut disorders include:
Lifestyle and dietary changes: A person can change dietary habits and lifestyle by avoiding gluten along with the foods that are very hard to digest for example: meat, dairy, beans, etc. In addition, exercising regularly and avoiding stress can help in the improvement in dietary habits and can help in reducing the symptoms of guts disorders (22).
Medications: Medications can help in reducing the symptoms of various disorders like irritable bowel syndrome. The medications can include corticosteroids, antibiotics, biologics, antidiarrheal medications, stool softeners, laxatives, immunodepressants, etc. (23). The medications can also include antidepressants that can help in regulating the enteric and central nervous system for affecting the intestinal motility and sensations. These antidepressants help in treating gut disorders as they help in modulating the mood, visceral and neuropathic pain (18).
Prokinetics: Inclusion of prokinetics in the lifestyle of adults with digestive disorders helps in the improvement of the somatology and delays the gastric emptying. Lower doses of prokinetics help in enhancing gastric motility with the loss of accommodation (25).
Other agents: Famotidine which is a histamine H2 receptor helps in the improvement of global dyspeptic symptoms in children and adults (25).
Psychological interventions: Psychological interventions can include family intervention, behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, distraction, etc. that can help in treating gut disorders without the help of any kind of pharmacological treatments. This treatment helps in reducing external stress and environmental factors that affect the gut health (26).
Complementary medications: Complementary medications include herbal medications, therapies, massages, acupuncture, etc. These helps in the improvement of the symptom severity of the gastrointestinal problems and help reducing overall effect of the gastrointestinal diseases (16).
Probiotics: Probiotics helps in the introduction of healthy gut microbia which helps in benefitting the health of the gut in a host body. These microbia helps in the improvement of the intestine’s mucosal barrier and looks upon altering the intestinal inflammatory response (12).
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