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Pandemic is defined as large-scale outbreaks of any kind of infectious disease, which results in enhanced mortality and morbidity over a wide range of geographical area. One such example is HIV infection. Pandemic results in significant loss in the social, economic and political disruption effecting the life of the community and people residing in that area. On the other hand, epidemic condition refers to an increase number of disease cases all over the world and which ultimately affects the life of the community by enhancing the death rate (Taubenberger and Morens, 2020). The HIV infection is caused by human immunodeficiency virus, which spreads through blood transfusion, breast-feeding from mother to child and sexual contact. The below, paper will discuss about the HIV disease along with its treatment.
HIV virus spreads through the contact of body fluid, which seems to attack the immune system of the body most likely CD4+ cells. Untreated HIV might result into damage of CD4+cells and thereby enhancing the chance of developing opportunistic infections most importantly development of cancer in the body (White 2016). This phase of HIV virus results in the development of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, which makes the immune system very weak. Individual with positive HIV serology is found to have CD4+ cells below 200 cells/mcl or the cell percentage below 14%. The virus belongs to the retrovirus and its subfamily is Lentivirus. The retroviruses are responsible for transcribing RNA to DNA, where the RNA is surrounded by outer protein coat. The different stages of HIV virus are infection, asymptomatic, symptomatic and AIDS/ progression. In stage 1, the HIV virus is found to replicate in the body and the individual develops symptoms such as fever, headache and sore throat. The individual also develops rashes within one week of infection. This phase is known as sero-conversion. In this stage the HIV infection virus does not produce any signs and symptoms but the immune system gets weakened day by day. This stage is known as asymptomatic stage and lasts for 8 to 10 years. In stage 3, , the immune system becomes weakened and gets damaged due to the development of symptoms such as mouth ulcer, weight loss, diarrhea and thrush. The infection is known as opportunistic infections where the immune system gets damaged. Here, many associated diseases also develops such as Kaposi sarcoma, toxoplasmosis and Tuberculosis finally in stage 4 The disease progress and the viral load increases in the body. The opportunistic infection presence results in the diagnosis of AIDS (Suthar et al. 2015).
The epidemic of HIV has been shifted from the last 30 years. It is stated that due to lack of HIV service almost 69000 individual expired due to HIV-related disorder or issues in the year 2019. It is established that the highest number of individuals suffering from HIV in the world was found in South Africa, where 7.5 million of individuals was reported to be affected. 4.9 million of individuals infected with HIV was found to be residing in Central and Western Africa (Fettig et al. 2014).
It is established that the overall life expectancy of an individual suffering from HIV is found to be improved totally from 71 in the year 2008-2010 to 77 years in the year 2014-2016 compared to the life expectancy of HIV-negative individual, which is generally 86 years in the year 2014-2016. Thus, there exist a gap of 9 years in the lifespan (Imamichi et al. 2014).
Parekh et al., (2018) conducted a study for understanding the recent diagnosis of HIV infection. The investigator stated that the diagnosis of the condition helps in understanding the total disease outbreak. The investigator stated that the HIV diagnosis is essential for attaining epidemic control. The diagnosis includes point-of-care (POC) testing which helps in expanding the coverage, upsurge access, and managing the patient. Some of the advanced stages of diagnosis are Western Blotting and the third generation assay named Genetic Systems HIV-1/HIV-2 Plus O EIA. Rapid testing system helps in understanding the infection and thus lowering the chance of epidemiology.
There is no such effective treatment which can cure the HIV infection. However, there are certain medication which helps in preventing complications such as antiretroviral therapy or anti-HIV drug which helps in controlling the prevention. The classes of anti-HIV drug comprises of non-nucleoside reverse transciptase inhibitors which inhibits the HIV replication protein. It includes efavirenz, doravirine and rilpivirine. Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), Protease inhibitors, Integrase inhibitors and Fusion inhibitor are some of the other classes of drug (Margolis et al. 2017).
The complication of HIV is pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, tuberculosis, Crytococcal meningitis, Toxoplasmosis, Lymphoma, Wasting syndrome and Kidney disease and liver disease.
The above paper discussed about HIV/AIDS and its effect upon body. HIV virus spreads through the contact of body fluid, which seems to attack the immune system of the body most likely CD4+ cells. Serological tests or western blotting can assess the condition. Lastly, the paper discussed about treatment process which can be used for reducing complication.
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